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quién paga la baja de un empleado

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DelNorah
17/08/2026, 17:57:24

Pues la respuesta es clara: la baja de un empleado por enfermedad común la paga el empresario los primeros 15 días naturales (desde el día 4 al 15), y a partir del día 16 se hace cargo la Seguridad Social a través del Instituto Nacional de la Seguridad Social (INSS). Pero ojo, porque los primeros tres días de baja no se cobran salvo que el convenio colectivo diga lo contrario. En mi experiencia viendo cómo funciona esto en muchas empresas, mucha gente se confunde y cree que todo lo paga el Estado, y no es así.

Para que te hagas una idea, te pongo una tabla con los porcentajes habituales según la normativa vigente en España (año 2026, sin cambios significativos):

Días de bajaPagadorPorcentaje sobre la base reguladora
Días 1-3Sin pago (salvo convenio)0%
Días 4-15Empresario60%
Días 16-20INSS (Seguridad Social)60%
Días 21 en adelanteINSS75% (enfermedad común)

En el caso de accidente de trabajo o enfermedad profesional, el empresario paga el día de la baja (si es el mismo) y desde el día siguiente la Mutua o el INSS cubren el 75% desde el primer día. Es un sistema bastante distinto. Además, si el empleado tiene un contrato temporal o fijo, la gestión es la misma, pero el empresario debe adelantar el pago y luego descontarlo de las cotizaciones. Por eso es clave que el departamento de RRHH lleve un control fino de las bajas, porque un error puede costar caro.

Desde mi punto de vista, lo más importante es que el empleado notifique la baja al empresario en el primer día y entregue el parte médico en un plazo de tres días laborables. Si no, el empresario puede retrasar el pago o incluso negarse. Y hablando de plazos, la empresa tiene que abonar el salario en los días 4-15 aunque la nómina se calcule después, no puede esperar a que la Seguridad Social pague. Vamos, que es un lío si no se tiene claro.

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DavidLee
17/08/2026, 18:32:13

Cuando estuve de baja el año pasado por una gripe fuerte, me sorprendió que los primeros tres días no cobrara nada. Tuve que pedir un adelanto a mi empresa para pagar facturas. La empresa me pagó desde el día 4 hasta el 15, y luego ya la Seguridad Social me ingresó el 60% hasta el día 21, y después el 75%. Menos mal que solo fueron 10 días, porque si no, habría tenido que apretarme el cinturón. En mi opinión, este sistema deja un agujero los primeros días que a muchos trabajadores nos afecta, sobre todo si vives al día.

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LeGage
17/08/2026, 19:27:35

Como dueño de una pequeña empresa, la baja de un empleado me supone un coste directo los primeros 15 días. Tengo que pagar el 60% de su base sin que él venga a trabajar, y además mantener su puesto ocupado. Si tengo a alguien de baja, tengo que contratar un sustituto o hacer horas extra. Y claro, luego la Seguridad Social me devuelve parte de lo pagado a través de las cotizaciones, pero el flujo de caja se resiente. Es un gasto que no está previsto y que afecta a la rentabilidad, sobre todo en negocios con pocos empleados.

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OBethany
17/08/2026, 20:19:50

Si eres autónomo, la cosa cambia. La baja de un empleado no me afecta a mí directamente, pero sí tengo que gestionar el papeleo con la mutua y la Seguridad Social. En mi caso, cuando tengo a un trabajador de baja, yo adelanto el pago de los días 4 a 15 y luego lo descuento en las liquidaciones. Pero como autónomo, si yo mismo caigo enfermo, no cobro nada los primeros 3 días y luego la prestación es más baja. Es un sistema que no protege igual a los que trabajamos por cuenta propia. Por eso muchos autónomos apenas se dan de baja aunque estén malos.

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LaJayden
17/08/2026, 20:20:53

Recuerdo cuando empecé a trabajar en los años 90, las bajas las pagaba la empresa casi todo el tiempo, y la Seguridad Social solo intervenía a partir del mes. Ahora está más equilibrado: el empresario soporta los primeros 15 días y luego el Estado. Me parece justo en parte, porque la empresa tiene que asumir su responsabilidad, pero también creo que los primeros tres días sin cobro son una barrera para que la gente se tome la baja cuando realmente lo necesita

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